In the postmodern perspective, the concept of objective truth has been challenged, and our understanding of reality has become fragmented. Grand narratives are now seen as diverse perspectives rather than absolute truths. Fixed meanings are recognized as illusory beliefs, and symbols can have blurred or multiple interpretations. Knowledge is understood to be socially constructed, and hierarchies are viewed as arbitrary. Each viewpoint and standpoint has the potential to create new ontological perspectives, continually reshaping our understanding of the world.